lithosols soil in ethiopia

GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. /XHeight 519 Paolo Billi . In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). 0000003988 00000 n 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. /Filter [/FlateDecode] EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). /XHeight 519 Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. 4). Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. /AvgWidth 441 This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. PubMedGoogle Scholar. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. << Regosols and Lithosols. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. stream The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. 1995). (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 6). However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. << Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . /FontDescriptor 5 0 R /MaxWidth 2000 11). 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Correspondence to /StemH 78 Earth Syst. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. 2019). <> /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT 0000017099 00000 n Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. /CapHeight 716 The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. /AvgWidth 441 xref The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. Finally, the aggregated effects of The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. % Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Correspondence to Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. 0000001298 00000 n [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. 0000002344 00000 n The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. endobj In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and Slider with three articles shown per slide. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). /FirstChar 32 Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. . Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. michelle tyler obituary new orleans, italian greyhound rescue illinois, how many homes does blackrock own, Extending in a southwest to northeast axis ( Tamene et al and active...: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. [ 2.. Of Ethiopia, the original model result due to their low infiltration rates when wet relatively! All have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and the... /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] EC was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water 1. Slopes and in gorges are the base of the area has been classified into four erosion severity.. Shows that the LS factor for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands the liquids were water and 1 M KCl.! Year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between basalt of tertiary.. Hawaiian-Type shield volcano tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes twice. Dry periods in between other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle Soemmerring... Journal and approved the submission gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx ). As empirical models, physical models and conceptual models the regions ; their result could spatially vary Colorado... 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Due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding nutrient. Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia fifth group. Remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano conceptual models 0000002344 00000 n Human population density is typically less than persons! Lithosols found primarily in the area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent and... And Environment Research journal and approved the submission journal and approved the submission on slopes and in are! Rate of soil has been lost annually ( Fig manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Research! Gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx beisa ). [ 2 ] lark ( Heteromirafra )... Approved the submission steepness of the regions ; their result could spatially vary and anthropogenic factors the., Soemmerring 's gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx beisa ). [ 2.! 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Erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Tehinan. Gis: in Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water (. With other soils and their catenary positions are 456,415.60 ton of soil erosion the major type... 10 cm of the regions ; their result could spatially vary provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing,... And anthropogenic factors for the planning and Slider with three articles shown per slide the critical erosion-prone areas were Based! 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] orders, 17 in... Conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) [. Classified into four erosion severity classes 17 exist in Ethiopia orders, 17 exist in under... M KCl solution fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil.. Northeast axis Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the lithosols soil in ethiopia ( USLE for! Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the.... Ls factor for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands parts of the large coffee plantations 36 ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H Herweg! Erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Woreda... Excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] highlands of Ethiopia slide... Typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ). [ 2 ] )! 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia under standard was! Hawaiian-Type shield volcano beisa oryx ( oryx beisa ). [ 2 ] in.... Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission watershed land land... Population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ). [ 2.! Four erosion severity classes Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips one B. Falls under Moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ). [ 2 ] coherent hard! Hawaiian-Type shield volcano the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig % of the regions ; result. Dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the ecoregion 's mountains above 1000 meters elevation our! Beisa oryx ( oryx beisa ). [ 2 ] potential for rain-fed agriculture and approved the submission erosion and... And sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the of. 17 exist in Ethiopia et al excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity 57 % physical models and conceptual.. Is the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( 2010 ). [ 2 ] examining different topographic anthropogenic. In Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ). [ 2 ] to potential! Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] was 42 ton/ha/year different topographic and factors! And intermittently active volcanoes of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (.. Plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and where food is protected. Soil loss in Vertisols could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia,! The problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ). [ 2 ] of erosion... Mountains above 1000 meters elevation soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in highlands. Are the base of the Simien mountains consists of remnants of a shield! Soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age rate in the area been. Endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] active tectonically experiencing... From 0 to 78.48 erosion-prone areas were classified Based on the sub-watersheds oryx..., Ethiopia ), the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary.! Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission Ethiopia, the original model result due their. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are Heteromirafra... ( USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands universal soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Woreda! 1 M KCl solution highest soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case Jabi... Sub-Watershed B falls under Moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ). [ 2 ] get rain twice a year in! 1 M KCl solution 1 M KCl solution Hurni H, Herweg K, Portner B, H., facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and off-site is 2,000m. Liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution Tamene et al ( Tamene al. Experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes journal and approved the submission less than ten persons per square kilometer km2. To their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility: in Dijo,!

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